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Care Without Citizenship: How Migrant Women Subsidize Public Systems Without Rights
This paper examines how migration policy and underinvestment in public care systems combine to produce a workforce of migrant women who effectively subsidize national economies while remaining excluded from basic labor and social protections. Across the world, migrant women perform the labor that makes everyday life possible. They care for children, older people, people with disabilities, and those who are ill. They clean homes, prepare food, and provide emotional and physica
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